Teachers routinely report they are under-prepared for the classroom management challenges of the modern classroom and pre-service training programs are an important point of intervention. However, few studies have investigated classroom management training at the pre-service level. The present study compares two different training approaches…

The article briefly explains three stages of small group development and suggests ways to apply existing knowledge of group dynamics to outdoor education settings. The article explains the role of expectation, conflict, and stress in behavior change that occurs in the context of extended field excursions. (SB)