"Teaching mathematics from a sense-making perspective entails more than solving non-routine problems" (NCTM 2007, p. 85). When teachers want students to see mathematics as something that makes sense, they must furnish opportunities for them to solve problems in their own way and use structures that nurture their reasoning and sense making. The…

This paper presents a model for systematic instructional design that includes mental model analysis together with the procedures used in developing computer-based instructional materials in the area of statistical hypothesis testing. The instructional design model is based on the premise that the objective for learning is to achieve expert-like…

A cognitive task analysis was performed to analyze the key cognitive components of the en route air traffic controllers' jobs. The goals were to ascertain expert mental models and decision-making strategies and to identify important differences in controller knowledge, skills, and mental models as a function of expertise. Four groups of…