Communication strategies (CSs) have been generally viewed as ways in which learners may circumvent, and ideally overcome, communicative difficulties. However, over 40 years of research in this area has been largely confined to theory and experimental studies, and it is not clear to what extent CS research has filtered into contemporary second…

A classroom technique for second language writing instruction is described that combines encouragement for writing with error awareness and correction skills, active composition problem-solving, and peer correction. (MSE)