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Nakamura, Pooja; de Hoop, Thomas – American Institutes for Research, 2014
Most of the world is multilingual--multilingual at the national level (policies), at the community and family level (practices), and at the individual level (cognitive)--and each of these has implications for teaching and learning. Yet, at present, most reading decisions are not based on empirical research of how children learn to read in…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Multilingualism, Reading Skills, Reading Tests
Foy, Pierre, Ed.; Arora, Alka, Ed.; Stanco, Gabrielle M., Ed. – International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, 2013
This supplement contains documentation on all the derived variables contained in the TIMSS 2011 data files that are based on background questionnaire variables. These variables were used to report background data in the TIMSS 2011 International Results in Mathematics and TIMSS 2011 International Results in Science reports, and are made available…
Descriptors: Questionnaires, Guides, Guidelines, International Education