In statistics classes, the central limit theorem has been demonstrated using simulation-based illustrations. Known population distributions such as a uniform or exponential distribution are often used to consider the behavior of the sample mean in simulated samples. Unlike such simulations, a number of real-data-based simulations are here…

This study investigates a range of non-normative ideas that pre-service teachers (PSTs) employ in reasoning about sampling variability. This issue was studied in the context of a content course on statistics and probability for pre-service middle grade teachers at a Midwestern American university. Analysis of seven PSTs' video and screen records…