Private supplementary tutoring, widely known as shadow education, has become a global phenomenon. It has a range of providers, including commercial companies, university students desiring extra pocket money, and regular school teachers who provide tutoring as a sideline activity. This paper focuses on the last category. Governments are commonly…

A growing literature, much of it with cross-national comparisons, employs geographic lenses to secure insights into educational studies. Most of this literature focuses on schooling, though parts address kindergartens and higher education. The present paper, by contrast, employs geographic lenses to focus on the shadow education system of private…

Part of Round Table IV, this document consists of two articles presented at an international congress in Mexico. Each deals with planning and management of education in small countries. The purpose of the congress was to review the evolution of educational planning and management since a previous conference held in 1968. The participants hoped to…

Reviews trends, issues, and problems of administrative decentralization and education in developing nations, with reference to Papua New Guinea. Concludes that decentralization should not be seen as a panacea; policy-makers must sharpen understanding of types and levels of decentralization; success requires attention to training and implementation…

Outlines strategies to reduce inequities in numerous counties, focusing on the distribution of financial and human resources. Also addresses issues of diversity and conformity in education systems. Reduction of regional imbalances does not necessarily require imposition of uniformity, but the diversity caused by decentralization is not always…

Most models for public administration have been developed in the context of medium-sized or large states and are not necessarily appropriate for small states (states with less than 1.5 million people). This book focuses on small states and identifies common features in small-state economies, societies, and politics. Several differences exist in…

Describes nine categories of criteria used in developing nations to determine high school admission, the most common being competitive examinations and regional or school-level quotas. Discusses attempts to balance academic qualifications and equity concerns in Papua New Guinea and other countries, and dilemmas related to examination biases,…

The evolution of comparative education in Greater China (mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau) has been influenced by size, culture, political ideologies, standard of living, and colonialism. Similarities and differences in conceptions of comparative education are identified among the four components and between Greater China and other…

Introduces a special issue on the educational implications of Hong Kong's change from a British colony to a special administrative region of China. Provides brief overviews of the broader literature on education and political transitions, of the multidisciplinary literature on the transition in Hong Kong, and of the themes in this journal issue.…

Compares the educational systems of Hong Kong and Macau, focusing on differences related to their colonial histories and the different sizes of their populations and economies, and similarities arising from mutual influence and their impending reunification with China. Discusses educational access, finance, curriculum, language of instruction, and…

This book focuses on the financing of formal primary and secondary education in developing nations. The study does not consider the areas of pre-primary, post-secondary, or nonformal education. Financing includes not only monetary inputs to education, but also material, labor, expertise, and land. The study examines the volume, nature, and…

Discusses how the size of Macau--an autonomous region within China--has shaped higher education in the territory. Argues that small states are not merely small-scales of larger states but unique entities. This case study has implications for future studies on education in small states. (Contains 5 tables and 43 references.) (WFA)

Identifies major differences and similarities between educational change during Hong Kong's political transition and during postcolonial transitions elsewhere. Notes that parallel operation of multiple education systems in one country is quite common, and that Hong Kong educational reforms began well ahead of political transition. Examines…