Modern educational theory suggests that the learning of a visual science concept is best taught using a combination of pictorial and verbal instruction describing these characteristics and examples and best evaluated using words and visuals not used during instruction. Recent research suggests a four-step instructional-testing model usable by…

Reports on the effectiveness of visual illustrations used in conjunction with oral instructions. Results indicate that the reduction of realistic detail in an illustration does not necessarily reduce its instructional effectiveness and in many cases improves it. There were also significant differences in the effectiveness of different types of…

Seven studies were conducted to investigate the interactions between imagery-ability and experimental treatments that parallel instructional procedures. The general orientation of the studies was to extend the concepts of imaginal and verbal coding systems to include individual differences in symbolic habits. Thus all the studies took into account…