Hugs are a pervasive practice characterizing human sociality. They involve the persons engaged in hugging as well as other persons who might witness it for various purposes. This article examines the social organization of hugging in family photography sessions. This organization integrates instructions to hug, orchestrated by photographers and…

A study was conducted to examine the ways individuals in organizations interpreted and responded to ambiguous messages. Using Karl Weick's model of organizing, investigators measured the number of rules (criteria for taking action), the number of people, and the frequencies of message categories generated in two simulated organizations comprised…

This paper focuses on an analysis of relationships among interactive behavior, interactive decision making, and interactive processing of information about pupils as perceived by teachers in the course of a lesson. Three teachers participated in the study. In response to a general request to state their plans for the lesson, the teachers…