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Do 9-Month-Old Infants Expect Distinct Words to Refer to Kinds?
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Dewar, Kathryn; Xu, Fei – Developmental Psychology, 2007
In 3 experiments, 9-month-old infants' expectations for what distinct count noun labels refer to were investigated. In Experiment 1, a box was opened to reveal 2 objects inside during familiarization: either 2 identical objects or 2 different objects. Test trials followed the same procedure, except before the box was opened, the contents were…
Descriptors: Nouns, Infants, Expectation, Familiarity
Dissociating the Effects of Automatic Activation and Explicit Expectancy on Reaction Times in a Simple Associative Learning Task
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Perruchet, Pierre; Cleeremans, Axel; Destrebecqz, Arnaud – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2006
After repeated associations between two events, E1 and E2, responses to E2 can be facilitated either because participants consciously expect E2 to occur after E1 or because E1 automatically activates the response to E2, or because of both. In this article, the authors report on 4 experiments designed to pit the influence of these 2 factors against…
Descriptors: Reaction Time, Influences, Expectation, Associative Learning
The Impact of Perceived Control on the Imagination of Better and Worse Possible Worlds.
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Markman, Keith D.; And Others – Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1995
Examined the effects of perceived control and close alternative outcomes on counterfactual generation (thoughts of what could have been). Subjects played a "wheel of fortune" game in which they controlled one of two wheels. Results supported the idea that people generate counterfactuals about events over which they have perceived…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Cognitive Structures, Expectation, Individual Power
Outcome Controllability and Counterfactual Thinking.
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Roese, Neal J.; Olson, James M. – Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1995
Examined impact of outcome controllability on counterfactual thoughts (thoughts of what could have been). Two studies showed that outcome controllability affected counterfactual direction: thoughts on how things could have been better were more frequent following controllable outcomes, and thoughts on how things could have been worse followed…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Cognitive Structures, Expectation, Individual Power
Development of Social Expectations in Distress--Relief Sequences: A Longitudinal Study.
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Lamb, Michael E.; Malkin, Catherine M. – International Journal of Behavioral Development, 1986
Filmed 30 infants monthly between one and seven months of age where mothers or unfamiliar women responded to their cries by picking up or talking to the infants. Results suggest that infants develop conditioned associations among distress-relief patterns by one month, and cognitive expectations by four or five months. (Author/BB)
Descriptors: Adult Child Relationship, Age Differences, Child Development, Cognitive Structures
Teacher Plan and Classroom Reality: The South Bay Study, Part IV. Research Series No. 60.
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Morine-Dershimer, Greta – 1979
This paper focuses on an analysis of relationships among interactive behavior, interactive decision making, and interactive processing of information about pupils as perceived by teachers in the course of a lesson. Three teachers participated in the study. In response to a general request to state their plans for the lesson, the teachers…
Descriptors: Behavior Change, Behavior Patterns, Class Activities, Classroom Techniques