This study explored the intricate dynamics between neuroticism and body image among adolescents, focusing on the mediating roles of mindfulness and self-compassion. We also differentiate between self-perceived body image--how individuals view their own bodies--and other-perceived body image--how they perceive others view their bodies. Participants were recruited from a random sample of high school students in Chaozhou of Guangdong Province (China) (N = 937, M[subscript age] = 14.15 years, SD = 0.90, 476 girls). They completed questionnaires assessing neuroticism, mindfulness, self-compassion, self-perceived body image, and other-perceived body image. Serial mediation regression models manifested that the relationship between neuroticism and body image was significantly mediated by mindfulness and self-compassion. Specifically, neuroticism was negatively related to self-perceived body image through its negative relationships with mindfulness, self-compassion, and other-perceived body image. The findings highlight the importance of addressing both internal attitudes and social factors in promoting a positive body image among adolescents.