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Zendler, Andreas; Klaudt, Dieter; Seitz, Cornelia – Journal of Educational Computing Research, 2014
The authors discuss empirically determined competence areas to K-12 computer science education, emphasizing the cognitive level of competence. The results of a questionnaire with 120 professors of computer science serve as a database. By using multi-dimensional scaling and cluster analysis, four competence areas to computer science education…
Descriptors: Elementary Secondary Education, Computer Science Education, Competence, Cognitive Processes
Ho, Andrew D.; Haertel, Edward H. – National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing (CRESST), 2006
Problems of scale typically arise when comparing test score trends, gaps, and gap trends across different tests. To overcome some of these difficulties, we can express the difference between the observed test performance of two groups with graphs or statistics that are metric-free (i.e., invariant under positive monotonic transformations of the…
Descriptors: Testing Programs, Test Results, Comparative Testing, Multidimensional Scaling