Incremental rehearsal (IR) has consistently been shown to improve students' math fact retention and fluency (Maki et al., Journal of Behavioral Education 30:534-558, 2021). However, less is known about how intervention modifications may support longer-term skill maintenance. The purpose of this study was to compare traditional IR with a modified…

Previous research suggests that the Approximate Number System (ANS) allows people to approximate the cardinality of a set. This ability to discern numerical quantities may explain how meaning becomes associated with number symbols. However, recently it has been argued that ANS representations are not directly numerical, but rather are formed by…

The subject of this study is to investigate if, and to what extent the performance of third-grade students' multiplication fact proficiency differs in a hybrid learning setting as compared to in-person instruction. These differences were questioned by researching if there was a change in student proficiency due to the instructional modality, if…

Multiplication fluency math interventions are utilized in elementary schools, but a dearth in scholarship exists on the effects of these interventions on fifth grade math students' performance and final grades. This scholarship gap may have an adverse effect on informing administrators and educators on best practices in helping fifth grade math…

Math attitudes are related to achievement, yet we do not know how the brain supports changes in math attitudes. 51 children (54.9% female, 45.1% male; 37.3% White, 33.3% Black, 11.8% Latino, 5.9% Asian, 11.8% Other) solved a multiplication task inside the scanner when they were approximately 11 (time 1; T1) and 13 (time 2; T2) years old (i.e.,…

While an abundance of evidence-based mathematics interventions are available to support students' mathematics fluency, research suggests that they are not often implemented within schools. Moreover, national data suggests that most students in the United States are not meeting grade level expectations in mathematics. This underperformance coupled…

In mathematics, there are four basic operations that students must master from the elementary school level, namely addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. However, some students experience difficulties or misunderstandings in interpreting multiplication as repeated addition. This research aims to improve the learning outcomes of…

In the present study, researchers used problem-posing instruction to examine elementary students' understanding of multiplication. Students in fourth and fifth grade classrooms (n = 24) from a rural school district participated in a semester-long study. The focus of this study was examining student solutions to two specific lessons with problems…

A one-on-one dialogue-based mathematics intelligent tutoring system (ITS) for learning multiplication and division of fractions was developed and evaluated in this study. This system could identify students' error types and misconceptions in real-time by using a block-based matching method. The adaptive dialogue-based instruction was supported by…

Federal, state, and local entities prioritized addressing these academic deficiencies over the past several decades. An area of concern for teachers and families is multiplication. The two main purposes of this study are to (1) to determine how multiplication achievement and strategy use change from beginning to end of Bilingual Family Math Club,…

The shift from additive to multiplicative thinking is challenging for students. A professional learning program was developed that focused on an identified area of need by teachers, namely multiplicative thinking. Program content focused on concepts underpinning multiplicative thinking, pedagogical approaches, challenging tasks, and application to…

For many years, mathematics research has focused on finding ways to help students improve their math performance. These efforts have led to the conclusion that building a strong mathematics foundation is associated with greater achievement across time. Students who develop number sense and learn to use efficient strategies at an early age are more…

The Akita approach is the guideline in learning that responds to rapid changes in the 21st century. This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of learning management based on the Akita approach in accordance with the criteria efficiency of 75/75 and to explore the index of effectiveness of learning management pursuant to the Akita…

The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to measure the impact of a sequential use of manipulatives and visual models on third-grade students' multiplication fluency, math attitudes, and fact retention. According to results of this study, there was significant evidence that the students who gained a conceptual understanding of multiplication…

This study investigated differences between students' multiplication fact automaticity scores and student competencies on five problems from Intermediate Algebra assessments with a sample of university students. The five types of problems were: (1) linear equations with fractions, (2) system of linear equations, (3) factor by grouping, (4)…