One of the most basic theoretical areas in the study of visual communication and visual literacy is the nature of representation. Some of the important research in this area is reviewed in this paper, and a model of representation is developed that satisfies many of the philosophical concerns. The paper begins with a discussion on the relationship…

A discussion of the visual aspect of second-language reading processes proposes a theoretical model of reading and reports on research into the kinds of questions second-language students ask in class. The model of reading outlined is based on the operations of the human eye. Just as the operations of the lens (focus) change the picture at the…

This paper explores issues and hypotheses concerned with women's work in developing economies. The relationships among agricultural labor, marketing, and trading activity rates in traditional and modernizing economies are not supported by the data. Alternative hypotheses explain the differential employment rates of women in modernizing economies.…

A sample of 228 elementary school children in a large eastern city was administered tasks which tested visual perceptions of solid objects, and photographs and drawings of these objects. Results showed that children in grades one, four, and six demonstrate a tendency to perform more efficiently on observation and comparison tasks employing solid…

In the Double ABCX Model, family stress is defined as an imbalance in demands (the A factor: stressor event, related hardships, prior strains), and capabilities or resources (the B factor). The family's definition (C factor) of the imbalance influences its impact. When the family is unable to balance demands and capabilities without making a…

This investigation of the encoding features of graphs begins with a description of a cognitive framework which allows designers to factor into the process of designing displays how people interpret the information found and what display properties are responsible for this interpretation. The framework also provides a performance measure for use in…

The perceptions of department chairpersons concerning the leadership roles of academic deans in several schools/colleges of a major research university were identified, based on interviews with 55 chairpersons. The typical chairperson was male, from the College of Letters and Science, had served for about 4 and one-half years, was a full…

In this review of the effect of busing the methodology used is a content analysis of articles and documents from educational journals, the New York Times, and transcripts of Congressional Hearings. An analysis of these sources revealed that the bulk of the material is often confusing sometimes contradictory, and usually unsubstantiated. The…

Thirty-three novices and 33 expert calculator users took a test in which they predicted what number would be in the calculator's display after a sequence of button presses (such as 2 + 3 +). Subjects' answers did not depend on the brand of calculator they actually owned. Simple production systems models were fit to the performance of each subject.…

This technical report contains papers prepared by the 11 speakers at the 1980 Lake Wilderness (Seattle, Washington) Conference on Attention. The papers are divided into general models, physiological evidence, and visual attention categories. Topics of the papers include the following: (1) willed versus automatic control of behavior; (2) multiple…

This research examined Mintzberg's-dimensional model of the managerial job. Two questions were asked: (1) What effect do the job incumbent's career goals and activity preferences have on perceived importanceof the roles; (2) How does perceived importance of the roles affect job performance? One hundred seventy principals responded to a…

Two experiments are reported examining the influence of the relationship between judgemental sets on the processing and integration of information in a person perception task. Experiment I showed that subjects made an occupational judgement about another more quickly when the judgement was similar rather than dissimilar to a previous occupational…

The purpose of this paper is to describe a strategy that facilitates the introduction of a large-scale innovation into public school settings. The principal focus is the new administrative role as it functions in this process. The context is the Experience-Based Career Education model (Academy for Career Education) designed and implemented by…

Application of certain anthropological research methods to teacher education, particularly the field experience component, could have a beneficial effect on a future teacher's perception of his role. Present field experience programs can be divided into two types: "apprentice" or student teaching, in which the teacher trainee progresses from…

Three philosophical perspectives on communication research are identified, described, and compared. First, communication of "action," a one-way approach, is a type of "cybernetic" theory of communication involving observation and experience in developing patterns of communication performance. It is simplistic, has a weak capacity for replication…