All planning techniques and models concern themselves with four basic tasks: (1) the determination of the objectives or purpose of the activity, (2) the development of programs likely to attain the objectives, (3) the organization of experiences into a coherent, meaningful unit, and (4) the evaluation of the extent to which programs meet the…

It is suggested that the low reliability of five low-inference and two high-inference classroom observation systems are due not to lack of agreement among rates, but to apparent variation in teacher behavior across occasions. (Author/MJB)

Four preretirement education models were analyzed in terms of their effectiveness in contributing to behavioral, informational, and attitudinal change. A statistical methodology for assessing the effectiveness of short-term training programs is also presented. (Author)

A causal model that explains variations in individual judgements concerning the fairness of equality or inequality, based on a new Index of Evaluated Equality, is proposed. (Author/AM)

Defines and tests two gratifications sought and obtained models. Suggests the transactional model is more effective in predicting dependency on, while an expanded discrepancy model better predicts frequency of, viewing two kinds of television news programs. (MS)

Care must be taken in examining studies that compare one method of teaching to another. The need for precise identification of the critical variables in instructional methods is stressed. The critical contribution of variables other than "method" should be examined. (Author/MLW)

A model depicting Mesoamerican religion in terms of the links between time/space and mythic, ritual, and agricultural cycles is presented to illustrate the ritual function of the Mesoamerican ball game as it existed during Middle Classic times at the height of its development. (JC)

The urban housetype and attitudes towards the urban housetype are used to illustrate the concentric zone model and to shed some light on such zonal concepts as the inner city and suburban ring. (Author)

Concludes that, in the organizations studied, complexity cannot be satisfactorily predicted or fully understood without reference to the economics of scale, but that it is neither theoretically convincing nor statistically demonstrable that size in itself is the major determinant of formalization. (Author/JN)

Criticizes some methods used to derive educational models and offers suggestions for improvement. (Author/CK)

Five major differences between the rationalistic and naturalistic paradigms of inquiry are accounted for: the nature of reality; the nature of the inquirer-object relationship; the nature of truth statements; assumptions about causal relationships; and the role of values within disciplined inquiry. Thirty-one sources are appended. (EJS)

Describes a study evaluating the effectiveness of the Information Retrieval, Ltd. (IRL) Life Sciences Collection database in a field where BioSciences Information Service (BIOSIS) claims to offer comprehensive coverage of the international literature. The two databases are described, and the depth of controlled indexing is compared for the two

The author compares and analyzes American and Taiwanese maternity care systems, discussing the history of midwifery in Taiwan; the process by which a midwife establishes her practice; and her role in childbirth, abortion, adoption, and other services. (Author/DS)

Compares M. E. P. Seligman's recent work on learned helplessness with N. R. F. Maier's 30-year-old work on frustration behavior. Notes striking similarities between the two approaches. Concludes that the learned helplessness model might explain the "abnormal fixations" that Maier reported. (Author/RL)

Analyzes and compares eight information systems (IS) development approaches: Information Modelling, Decision Support Systems, the Socio-Technical approach, the Infological approach, the Interactionist approach, the Speech Act-based approach, Soft Systems Methodology, and the Scandinavian Trade Unionist approach. Discusses the organizational roles…