Crisis intervention is a now accepted form of brief therapy that has become the treatment of choice for many individuals seeking to cope more effectively with life stresses. Recently, there has been an evolution of several disparate styles of crisis intervention in the direction of one convergent model. The screening/assessment style that…

The purpose of this paper is to report on the role of advocacy in the urban milieu. It explores the following areas: (1) history and current status of advocacy; (2) review of some advocacy efforts; and (3) significance of the Advocate Counseling Model, a legal and therapeutic counseling model to help people to advocate for themselves. It is of…

The theoretical framework for investigating human planning behavior and the procedures, results, and implications of two experiments involving planning in the domain of software design are presented in this report. A plan is defined as a hierarchical structure that underlies the solution to a problem; planning is the process of constructing this…

Presented is a model of problem solving that incorporates elements of hypothetico-deductive reasoning in the Piagetian sense, and heuristic-algorithmic processing in the information-processing sense. It assumes that people invoke both formal reasoning strategies and learned algorithms whenever they solve problems. The proposed model integrates the…

The goal of the present project was to identify the types of knowledge necessary and useful for competent troubleshooting/debugging and to examine how new approaches to formal instruction might influence the attainment of competence by students. The research focused on the role of general strategies in troubleshooting/debugging, and how they might…

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a process model could be constructed using steps identified from flow charts which accounted for somewhat more variance in predicting the difficulty of two-digit multiplication problems than did a process model developed by Cromer. Cromer's data and variables were used as a starting point. Ten new…

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a process model could be constructed using steps identified from flow charts which accounted for somewhat more variance in predicting the difficulty of two-digit multiplication problems than did a process model developed by Cromer. Cromer's data and variables were used as a starting point. Ten new…

A second-year biology class at Sedro-Woolley High School is part of an interdisciplinary program designed to develop a heightened awareness of environmental problems. A model for such a course is explained and evaluated. Students' awareness of values increases through the use of problem-solving techniques, audiovisual aids, articles and books, and…

Many educational decisions are made on issues over which conflict occurs because of value differences among the groups involved. The decision-making model proposed here is a political or conflict model. It defines an organization as stable patterns of interactions between coalitions of groups having a collective identity and pursuing interests and…

The study focuses on the survey Feedback--Problem Solving--Collective Decision intervention, a structural/task-oriented approach to planned organizational change. The objective of this research program is to further refine an organizational development approach which provides schools with a structure consistent with the environment of educational…

Particular problems in the process of summative evaluation of document based information systems designed for educators are caused by a series of conditions of context factors of the evaluation. Some of these factors are identified and described. An evaluation plan is presented which recommends that the emphasis be shifted from initial definitions…

This extension of Harris' classification system permits classification of the interval-scale properties of any 2 x 2 (two person, two choice) game. The system is compared to taxonomies developed by various previous researchers. It is shown to permit compact description of any 2 x 2 game as an octet of numbers. It also permits rapid classification…

In contrast to science and technology, public policymaking systems lack knowledge about the design and operation of overall social control. Policy sciences contribute to the understanding and improvement of large-scale control systems, especially in their attempt to give rationality to policymaking and decisionmaking activities. The most important…

The latest edition of "Robert's Rules of Order" (Newly Revised) has received praise for its improved clarity and its simplification of the complex rules of parliamentary procedure. The author questions, however, the relevancy and applicability of even these simplified legislative rules to the smaller informal group setting. Taking the…

A series of role-playing, operational games based on the Policy Negotiations model developed by Dr. Fred Goodman, Michigan, is presented in this set of books, an Operator's and a Player's Manual. Policy Negotiations is a game process that involves playing a priming game in order to learn the procedures and rules of the game so one can design and…