A review of decision research suggests that the design stage is a neglected aspect of the decision-making process. This study develops a conceptual model for analyzing the design of alternatives in organizations and applies it in three case studies. (Author)

The model involves the following five steps: (1) brainstorm the problems; (2) evaluate the brainstorm list and select the most important one; (3) brainstorm solutions to the problem; (4) create a synthesis of 3; and (5) develop a plan to implement 4. (PHR)

Several in-service models are presented including a provision of services model, job maintenance model, personal development model, and three problem-solving models. (JMF)

The article presents a coping model for helping gifted children which includes six steps, such as recognizing the problem, designing and investigation, and finding a possible solution for use in helping gifted children deal with stress. (PHR)

Investigates the calculation strategies used by female students in Grades Two and Three to solve word problems. Findings indicate that students used three main intuitive models: (1) direct counting; (2) repeated addition; and (3) multiplicative operation. Concludes that children acquire an expanding repertoire of intuitive models and the model…

Introduces the concept of designing World Wide Web pages that facilitate information seeking and problem solving; describes a model for information problem-solving and techniques for applying the model to Web page design; and lists Web page design guides, both online and print resources. (Author/LRW)

Extends research on the centrality model -- an integrative model of stress and cognitive appraisal -- by examining the relationships among achievement, challenge appraisal, and subsequent coping behaviors. Results indicate that the importance of achievement interacted with challenge appraisal to predict both planful problem solving and positive…

Outlines a conceptual framework for using a problem-based learning model for teaching the Instructional Design Business Acquisition Process. Discusses writing a response to a request for proposal, developing a working prototype, orally presenting the solution, and the impact of problem-based learning on students' perception of their confidence in…

Discusses the increased emphasis on problem solving and problem-based learning in instructional design and the need for new methods for task analysis and models for designing instruction. Defines the rationale and means for analyzing, organizing, and presenting stories to support problem solving by case-based reasoning. (Author/LRW)

Examined the process of marital disaffection to determine whether there is a pattern of sequential stages. Developed three-phase model of disaffection from the results of in-depth interviews with 49 highly disaffected spouses. Results suggest that marital therapy must involve different goals and interventions during each phase of disaffection to…

Tested efficacy of social problem-solving therapy for unipolar depression and examined relative contribution of training in problem-orientation component of the overall model. Dismantling research design, involving 39 depressed subjects, revealed problem-solving to be an effective cognitive-behavioral treatment approach for depression. (Author/TE)

A metacognition model that can help understand general problem-solving deficits in learning disabled students is presented. Two components of metacognition are highlighted: executive processes and attributional beliefs. An educational package combining these components with specific strategy training is illustrated as an approach to improving…

A quantitative model of belief revision and causal thinking using circumstantial evidence was assessed, using 36 undergraduate students in three experiments. The model assumes beliefs are revised based on a cascaded reasoning process that combines beliefs about the clue/possible cause relationship and the clue's forward and backward implications.…

It is argued that efficient use of cognitive strategies also involves domain-specific knowledge, metacognition, and motivation. Issues concerning cognitive strategy instruction are explored, and it is concluded that a hybrid model representing a compromise between the notion of cognitive strategies and current connectionism may best portray human…

Hugh D. Jascourt describes a new way to negotiate called "collaborative bargaining." Nancy E. Peace, who had a neutral role, describes her experiences with the method in five Massachusetts school districts, and provides reference sources. Responses are from Naomi R. Stonberg, a school committee attorney, and Ellen M. Suarez, a consultant…