By using high-leverage models to connect student learning experiences to overarching concepts in mathematics, teachers can anchor learning in ways that allow students to make sense of content on the basis of their own prior experiences. A rectangular area model can be used as a tool for understanding problems that involve multiplicative reasoning.…

In Probability and Statistics taught to mathematicians as a first introduction or to a non-mathematical audience, joint independence of events is introduced by requiring that the multiplication rule is satisfied. The following statement is usually tacitly assumed to hold (and, at best, intuitively motivated): If the n events E[subscript 1],…