The vast majority of measures have, at their core, a purpose of personal and social change. If test developers and users want measures to have personal and social consequences and impact, then it is critical to consider the consequences and side effects of measurement in the validation process itself. The consequential basis of test interpretation…

Differences among students can yield rich benefits as well as pose difficult problems during collaborative learning. Students can draw on diverse individual experiences to exchange information, to understand different expressions of shared commonalities, and to construct new possibilities jointly. However, they also face the potential pitfalls of…

The ability of 59 college students to access prior knowledge spontaneously in the form of a general procedure and a specific strategy was demonstrated using a training for transfer paradigm. Results are discussed in the context of transfer-appropriate processing and transfer-appropriate procedures models of learning and memory. (SLD)

This paper assesses the present state of training, licensing, and certification of early childhood personnel in Pennsylvania. Assessment is based on assumptions requiring conceptualization of (1) certification based on competency or performance, (2) education and training that includes both formal and informal experiences, and (3) planning and…