Instruction in many STEM domains heavily relies on visual representations, such as graphs, figures, and diagrams. However, students who lack representational competencies do not benefit from these visual representations. Therefore, students must learn not only content knowledge but also representational competencies. Further, as learning…

The goal of learning analytics is to optimize learning and the environments in which it occurs. Since 2011, when learning analytics was defined as a separate and distinct area of academic inquiry, the literature has identified a need for research that presents evidence of effective learning analytics, as well as, learning analytics research that…

Course reviews, which is designed as an interactive feedback channel in Massive Open Online Courses, has promoted the generation of large-scale text comments. These data, which contain not only learners' concerns, opinions and feelings toward courses, instructors, and platforms but also learners' interactions (e.g., post, reply), are generally…