Findings of a series of studies of teachers and novice instructional designers indicate that prescriptive models of how instructional design should proceed frequently do not match the reality of practice. Appropriate changes in instructional design procedures are suggested. A bibliography of 26 items is included. (CHC)

This paper first reviews the field of educational technology and teaching from two perspectives, that of the technologist and that of the teacher. It is noted that the activities of educational technologists are now defined largely in terms of instructional design and development and are increasingly distanced from the work of ordinary teachers in…

This chapter presents the history, philosophy, and methodology of instructional development and instructional technology in the Soviet Union. It begins by analyzing the structure of the educational bureaucracy in the USSR and explaining the pathways through this structure through which educational decisions are made, and through which…