Learning algebra is difficult for many students in part because of an emphasis on the memorization of abstract rules. Algebraic reasoners across expertise levels often rely on perceptual-motor strategies to make these rules meaningful and memorable. However, in many cases, rules are provided as patterns to be memorized verbally, with little overt…

Describes the refinement of a conception in the domain of linear functions. Examples show how students refine their use of the x-intercept in equations of the form "y=mx+b" by narrowing problem contexts, making connections between conceptions, using a mathematical procedure, and refining verbal descriptions. Resources that teachers can draw on to…