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Xu, Chang; LeFevre, Jo-Anne; Skwarchuk, Sheri-Lynn; Di Lonardo Burr, Sabrina; Lafay, Anne; Wylie, Judith; Osana, Helena P.; Douglas, Heather; Maloney, Erin A.; Simms, Victoria – Developmental Psychology, 2021
In the present research, we provide empirical evidence for the process of symbolic integration of number associations, focusing on the development of simple addition (e.g., 5 + 3 = 8), subtraction (e.g., 5 - 3 = 2), and multiplication (e.g., 5 × 3 = 15). Canadian children were assessed twice, in Grade 2 and Grade 3 (N = 244; 55% girls). All…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Arithmetic, Mathematics Skills, Age Differences
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Eun, Barohny; Knotek, Steven E. – Research in Education, 2022
A Vygotskian approach to assessment is proposed by invoking the distinction between the development of lower and higher psychological functions. Higher psychological functions are specifically human and develop with the use of cultural tools via mediation. Accordingly, a distinction is made between tests that are based on association, which have…
Descriptors: Evaluation Methods, Sociocultural Patterns, Psychological Patterns, Teaching Methods
Eoff, John E.; Rohwer, William D., Jr. – 1972
A three-way design was used to assess the effect of imagery instructions in noun-pair learning. The three principal factors were instructions (imagery versus rehearsal versus control), presentation mode (words versus pictures), and grade (1, 3, 6, and 11). Sixty subjects were drawn from each grade and randomly assigned to the six conditions.…
Descriptors: Associative Learning, Behavioral Science Research, Grade 1, Grade 11