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Marx, Melvin H. – 1971
The main purpose of the research was to make a comparative study of: (1) trial-and-error learning, in which a subject performs and is provided with knowledge of results; and (2) observational learning, in which a subject either observes the performance of another subject or is otherwise provided with equivalent information as to the correctness…
Descriptors: Associative Learning, College Students, Elementary School Students, Intentional Learning
Zimmerman, Marilyn Pflederer; Sechrest, Lee – 1968
A series of five experiments was designed and administered to 679 elementary and junior high school students over a 2-year period to test the relevance of Jean Piaget's concept of conservation to musical learning. Musical tasks consisting of stimulus patterns and systematic variations of these patterns were designed for each experiment, and…
Descriptors: Abstract Reasoning, Cognitive Development, Cognitive Processes, Concept Formation