Aim/Purpose: Although many computer science measures have been proposed, visualizing individual students' capabilities is difficult, as those measures often rely on specific tools and methods or are not graded. To solve these problems, we propose a rubric for measuring and visualizing the effects of learning computer programming for elementary…

Algebra is often considered as difficult and mysterious doctrine due to numerous symbols that represent mathematical notions. Results of the research on students' interpretation of literal expressions show that only a small number of students are ready to accept that a letter can represent a variable. The aim of this research with students of the…

Gifted students with spatial strengths have areas of remarkable talent but are often overlooked, underidentified, and underserved in American schools. Their preference for learning through imagistic reasoning conflicts with traditional verbal instructional techniques typically used in schools. To better serve these students who have the potential…