This paper defines a schema as a memory structure representing a general concept and its framework of associated concepts, and identifies the three processes by which learning can occur in individuals whose memories are schema-based, i.e., accretion, tuning, and restructuring. Ways in which schema might influence instructional design are then…

In order to ensure the effectiveness of instruction on a new topic, teachers must help students recall prior "prerequisite" learning. The type of learning to be recalled varies with the type of learning outcome expected. (RJG)

Beginning with an identification and brief description of the four major types of memory structures--networks of propositions, intellectual skills, images, and episodes--this extensive review of previous studies identifies many examples of improved retention and transfer resulting from combinations of structures, as opposed to single structures. A…

A correspondence exists between a simplified data collection method employing results from a post test for graphic skills in kinematics, and a rigourous validation method. Examination of test responses for discrepant instances yielded further information of value. Hierarchical patterns of learning and remembering are identical. (Author/CP)