Critical thinking (CT) is widely recognised as a core competency in 21st-century higher education, particularly within English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learning contexts. This study examines the extent to which motivation and engagement contribute to the development of CT skills among Chinese EFL university students. A sample of 626…

Although cognitive load theory research has studied factors associated with motivation, these literatures have primarily been developed in isolation from each other. In this contribution, we aimed to advance both fields by examining the effects of instructional strategies on learners' experience of cognitive load, motivation, engagement, and…

The measurable effects of music in online learning remains a topic of extensive debate, largely due to inconsistent findings within existing literature. Many of these inconclusive results stem from research methodologies that focus on singular perspectives, often overlooking a balance between cognitive challenges and emotional benefits of…

Online learning as an emerging learning method has a significant impact on education, which cannot be ignored. This article explores the relationship between engagement (including cognition, behavior and emotion), motivation, environment, and college students' concentration in online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 889 college…

In the present longitudinal study, cross-lagged path models were applied to investigate the potential reciprocal relationships between senior secondary school students' motivation and their cognitive engagement, using data from 623 Chinese senior secondary school students across 2 years. The 623 students completed self-reported measures of…

Scientific knowledge is often abstract and challenging, making it difficult for students to apply these concepts effectively. Digital game-based learning (DGBL) offers an engaging and immersive approach, but the fixed resources and predetermined learning paths in most games limit its ability to adapt to individual learners' needs. Large language…

Integrating digital games into learning about digital citizenship has garnered significant attention. While digital game-based learning has the potential to enhance learners' academic performance, engagement, and motivation, these games often focus on specific aspects of digital citizenship education and lack systematic design approaches.…

Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) is a tool that promises efficiency and customization for teachers and students alike but also carries risks of dependency and detachment. This report aims to explore new questions for educators, system leaders, and tool developers such as how much cognitive effort AI should alleviate, how much it should…

In e-learning environments, several activities are offered to learners, including learning and assessment activities. During these activities, the learner may encounter difficulties, such as blocking situations or lack of motivation. This paper presents a new approach to detect these difficulties based on the learner's emotional states and…

The self-explanation strategy motivates learners to actively select and integrate information, thereby fostering meaningful learning. To generate comprehensive and insightful explanations, learners often require support. However, there is a limited understanding of the optimal form of self-explanation that effectively assists learners in applying…

Despite the increasing recognition of English communication skills as essential for global participation, many students in non-native English-speaking countries experience reluctance to communicate in English, particularly in junior high school settings. This research investigates the effect of growth mindset on junior high school students'…

Serious games have been deemed as an effective tool to engage students with various needs and expectations. Although serious games have emerged as an important assistant in education, sparse studies have systematically reviewed the related studies in the fields of bibliographic knowledge structure and their effects. Through CiteSpace, VOSviewer,…

Motivational regulation strategies have been used as active forms of promoting motivation in online and classroom learning. Based on the motivational regulation model combining both contextual and individual factors, this study examined how students' academic levels (undergraduate vs. graduate) and the type of course delivery mode (online vs.…

This study describes the development and validation of a psychometrically-sound instrument, the Active Learning Strategies Inventory (ALSI), designed to measure learners' perceptions of their active learning strategies within an active learning context. Active learning encompasses a broad range of pedagogical practices and instructional methods…

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate a theoretical framework that examines and extends understanding of the role of cognitive/information processing, learning motivation and learning task behaviors in facilitating student engagement, course persistence and academic performance. Design/methodology/approach: Student subjects were…