What does "rigor," a word that frequently pops up in conversations about education, really mean? More specifically, what does it mean for "literacy" instruction, and how does it relate to challenging standards-based assessments? In this informative and practical guide, literacy expert Nancy Boyles uses the framework from Webb's…

Activities embedded within events in two math classes were examined to determine patterns that suggested the teacher's knowledge in one content area, mathematics. An external representation of the teacher's classroom "script" was constructed to illuminate the essential elements of the script and what connections existed within the script…