Sound waves are one of the important topics studied in physics. However, students' graph representation is still low, leading to their low concept understanding of physics learning. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the learning process to improve students' graph representation by providing a valid and reliable graph representation test…

This study focuses on developing a five-tier chemical diagnostic test based on a computer-based test with 11 assessment categories with an assessment score from 0 to 10. A total of 20 items produced were validated by education experts, material experts, measurement experts, and media experts, and an average index of the Aiken test > 0.70 was…

The present study has aimed to develop and validate a protein concept inventory (PCI) consisting of 25 multiple-choice (MC) questions to assess students' understanding of protein, which is a fundamental concept across different biology disciplines. The development process of the PCI involved a literature review to identify protein-related content,…

In this study, a 'biotechnology literacy test' was developed to determine the biotechnology literacy of prospective science teachers, and its validity and reliability were determined. For this purpose, 42 items were prepared by considering Bybee's scientific literacy classifications (nominal, functional, procedural, and multidimensional). The…