Research has articulated the benefits of autonomy in outdoor programming (e.g., Chang, 2017), and the independent student expedition (ISE) is one type of autonomous experience that has received attention across the literature. Research suggests that ISEs have the potential to foster personal growth and promote group development (e.g., Daniel et…

The multiple and conflicting identity pressures that young women in western society face have been remarked upon in the literature. Adolescence is a time when identity development activity intensifies, and this process can present young people with challenges. In this paper a social constructionist and interpretive frame is applied to such…

This study examined whether detrimental childhood relationships with parents were related to partner relationship quality and emotional adjustment in adulthood. The authors tested a theoretical model in which (a) low-quality parent-child relationships were related to conflict and low-quality communication with parents in adolescence, (b)…

Examined European-American 19-year-olds' self-defining memories about relationships with parents and/or peers. Found that parent memories emphasized separation more so than peer memories, which emphasized closeness. Parental separation was exemplified by parental divorce experiences, parent closeness by comforting a grieving parent, and peer…

Maintains that conflict in close relationships characterizes both the United States and Japan, with differences only in the style and timing of its manifestations. Asserts that the potentially fruitful strategy of Rothbaum et al. is constrained by their cross-cultural comparative methodology. (Author/KB)

THESE PAPERS REPRESENT NOTES FOR THEORY SESSIONS PRESENTED AT VARIOUS TRAINING LABORATORIES AND ARE INTENDED AS HELPFUL TOOLS IN SUPPLEMENTING THEORY SESSIONS AND UNDERSTANDING VARIOUS LABORATORY EXPERIENCES. THE IDEAS AND CONCEPTS HAVE PROVED USEFUL IN NATIONAL TRAINING LABORATORIES OVER THE YEARS. CONDITIONS FOR LABORATORY LEARNING ARE SET…