Although grit has been an important individual factor contributing to learning, studies are limited regarding second/foreign language (L2) specific grit. Additionally, most approached it without disentangling the differential role of its two dimensions, and the context was restricted in traditional face-to-face language learning. It remains…

Many language proficiency tests include group oral assessments involving peer interaction. In such an assessment, examinees discuss a common topic with others. Human raters score each examinee's spoken performance on specially designed criteria. However, measurement models for analyzing group assessment data usually assume local person…

Speaking proficiency has special value anywhere in the world. It needs to be possessed by every individual to bring change to society. This clenches the amplified direction of the current study, where its primary objective is to assess the speaking skills of the SHS-HUMMS students of the DNHS. This study envisioned identifying the speaking factors…

Little is known about young CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) learners' attention to formal aspects of the target language when engaged in collaborative task-based interaction. Previous research on language-related episodes (LREs) with other populations indicates that certain variables (e.g. target language proficiency or pair…

In the ever-changing digital era, the surge of online informal language learning platforms has revolutionized the way we learn new languages. This dissertation delves into the critical role of interactional feedback (IF) in synchronous computer-mediated communication (SCMC), a cornerstone for optimizing these digital learning spaces. Anchored in…

Interpersonal speaking is a fundamental skill for language learners as they progress toward higher proficiency levels. This skill extends beyond memorizing keywords or rehearsing scripted dialogues. It requires learners to engage in spontaneous interactions, negotiate meaning, and respond dynamically in real time (Burns, 2016). In an increasingly…

Language negotiations facilitate second language acquisition (SLA) in both face-to-face (FTF) and computer-mediated interactions. Research shows that dyadic type can impact the quantity and quality of negotiations. Although both learner (L)-learner and native speaker (NS)-L dyadic type interactions have shown to be beneficial to SLA, it is still…

Role-play tasks have long been used by researchers and practitioners to observe L2 (Second language) speaking performance. This social-situated simulation allows students to employ their language skills to converse about real-life themes. While role-plays are highly plausible to actively engage students in interactive learning environments, it has…

Social interaction is essential for international students in rebuilding support systems in their host country; however, the complexity of this process remains insufficiently explored. Guided by the conceptual framework of social connectedness, this qualitative case study examines the types, influencing factors, and characteristics of social…

Research has demonstrated the promising potential of chatbots in education. Moreover, technological advancements, such as ChatGPT, prompted us to reexamine distinctions between pedagogical roles that humans and chatbots assume. In this context, a systematic review of 11 experimental studies on human-chatbot comparisons in language education was…

Second language teaching has recently witnessed a transition from the conventional flipped classes to a fully online flipped instruction. The present study aims to examine the differential effects of two modes of fully online flipped instruction, i.e. interaction-embedded (IE) and interaction-reduced (IR), on EFL learners' speaking. Aligning with…

This study utilizes social network analysis to characterize a typology of study abroad sojourner experience, detailing the relationship of social experience types to second language (L2) proficiency growth and study abroad program design. In contrast with previous research, the study performs a quantitative analysis of structural and compositional…

The skill, awareness, and perhaps the competence, of language learners to engage in specific interactional behaviors are currently encapsulated in the term Interactional Competence (IC). While IC-oriented teaching materials propose learning targets beyond vocabulary and sentence level grammar, their action-oriented view of what language is and how…

With the SWIRL method, K-12 teachers can give multilingual learners opportunities to engage in the five elements of speaking, writing, interacting, reading, and listening to English to become confident and proficient in English. The SWIRL Method provides research-based, time-tested, practical activities and strategies. Readers also get…

Responding to Donato and Brooks's (2004) call for undergraduate students to have more opportunities to engage in discourse at the advanced proficiency level, collaborative dialogues provide students with a situation conducive to language production and learning (Swain, 1997). As most of the research on collaborative dialogues has focused on the…