Pedagogical agents (PAs) are a crucial aspect of the e-learning environment. A PA is defined as a virtual character presented on an interface, and they are designed to promote student learning. PAs have been widely discussed in academic papers. However, an appropriate analysis framework has not been proposed because of the diversity and complexity…

For offering adaptive learning to learners in intelligent tutoring systems, one of the fundamental tasks is knowledge tracing (KT), which aims to assess learners' learning states and make prediction for future performance. However, there are two crucial issues in deep learning-based KT models. First, the knowledge concepts are used to predict…

Assessments of natural language can provide vast information about individuals' thoughts and cognitive process, but they often rely on time-intensive human scoring, deterring researchers from collecting these sources of data. Natural language processing (NLP) gives researchers the opportunity to implement automated textual analyses across a…

Amalgamating generative artificial intelligence (Gen AI), Bloom's taxonomy and critical thinking present a promising avenue to revolutionize assessment pedagogy and foster higher-order cognitive skills needed for learning autonomy in the domain of self-directed learning. Gen AI, a subset of artificial intelligence (AI), has emerged as a…

Personalized recommendation plays an important role on content selection during the adaptive learning process. It is always a challenge on how to recommend effective items to improve learning performance. The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of applying adaptive testing technology for personalized recommendation. We proposed the…

Learning performance data, such as correct or incorrect answers and problem-solving attempts in intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs), facilitate the assessment of knowledge mastery and the delivery of effective instructions. However, these data tend to be highly sparse (80%90% missing observations) in most real-world applications. This data…

Recent research underscores the vital role of English teachers in AI-assisted English teaching, yet elementary and secondary school English teachers' digital literacy using ChatGPT for instruction remains largely unexplored. This present research attempted to construct and validate a measurement to evaluate K-12 English teachers' ChatGPT-based…

To provide personalized support on educational platforms, it is crucial to model the evolution of students' knowledge states. Knowledge tracing is one of the most popular technologies for this purpose, and deep learning-based methods have achieved state-of-the-art performance. Compared to classical models, such as Bayesian knowledge tracing, which…

Software engineers are tasked with writing functionally correct code of high quality. Maintainability is a crucial code quality attribute that determines the ease of analyzing, modifying, reusing, and testing a software component. This quality attribute significantly affects the software's lifetime cost, contributing to developer productivity and…

New knowledge tracing models are continuously being proposed, even at a pace where state-of-the-art models cannot be compared with each other at the time of publication. This leads to a situation where ranking models is hard, and the underlying reasons of the models' performance -- be it architectural choices, hyperparameter tuning, performance…

Artificial intelligence (AI) in higher education has proven to be a useful learning technology; it can help learners achieve positive learning outcomes in the learning environment and can also enable teachers to better understand learners' learning status and further improve their teaching strategies. This study reviewed the top 50 AI in higher…

Artificial intelligence (AI) aims to build intelligent systems that can interact with and assist humans. During the interaction, a system learns the requirements from the human user and adapts to the needs to complete tasks. A popular type of interactive system is retrieval-based, where the system uses a retrieval function to retrieve relevant…

In this entry, we define Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) and present a description of their core components. We outline a history of the development of ITSs with a focus on key issues that have driven change and innovation in ITSs from their inception to present day. We also present a brief case study on a specific ITS, Inq-ITS (Inquiry…

Various studies have been conducted on applying intelligent recognition technology, especially speech recognition technology to improve English learning ability, mostly listening and speaking. However, few studies have touched on how image-to-text recognition technology can be used for writing. The present research was conducted to fill this gap…

Higher Education faces challenges in providing learning experiences and cultivating competencies in our modern environment. Academic discourse centres on tutoring automation, a complicated educational dilemma in the age of Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and Artificial Intelligence. Establishing a structured technique for real competency…