This study tested 3 instructor presence features in learning from video lectures: dynamic drawings, eye contact with the camera, and instructor visibility. In 2 experiments, college students watched a video lecture about the human kidney, which consisted of a series of drawings and a spoken explanation from the instructor, and then took a written…

Examined multiple modalities of nonspoken forms of representation-specifically gestures, pictures, objects, and writing-used by three teachers in three years of first grade math lessons. Students must attend to visual as well as vocal means of expressing information to gain access to all information presented in mathematics lessons. (BF)