Our experimental protocol aims to study short moving images (GIF format) played in looping mode and their possible effects on learning in a school context, as compared to the conventional method. Pre-service teachers created GIF-format moving images with their learners (N = 158), then integrated those images into the teaching process during…

In this study, the authors compared four multimedia learning arrangements differing in instructional approach on effectiveness and efficiency for learning: (a) hypermedia learning, (b) observational learning, (c) self-explanation-based learning, and (d) inquiry learning. The approaches all advocate learners' active attitude toward the learning…