In online education, it is widely recognized that interaction and engagement have an impact on students' academic performance. While previous research has extensively explored interactions between students, instructors, and content, there has been limited exploration of course design elements that promote the fourth type of interaction:…

Background: Failure to effectively organize and manage learning time is an important factor influencing online learners' performance. Investigation of time-investment patterns for online learning will provide educators with useful knowledge of how learners engage in and regulate their online learning and support them in tailoring online course…