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Direct linkWanyi Lyu; Jennifer S. Trueblood; Jeremy M. Wolfe – Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 2025
Low target prevalence affects perceptual decisions on both simple and complex stimuli. Without prior knowledge of how often targets may appear, trial-by-trial accuracy feedback modulates the effects of low prevalence partially by providing observers with information about the target base rate. Using simple colored dots, Lyu (PBR 28:1906-1914,…
Descriptors: Incidence, Feedback (Response), Identification, Cytology
Yueran Yang; Janice L. Burke; Justice Healy – Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 2025
"How do witnesses make identification decisions when viewing a lineup?" Understanding the witness decision-making process is essential for researchers to develop methods that can reduce mistaken identifications and improve lineup practices. Yet, the inclusion of fillers has posed a pivotal challenge to this task because the traditional…
Descriptors: Audiences, Audience Response, Identification, Decision Making
McKinley, Geoffrey L.; Peterson, Daniel J. – Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 2023
When selecting fillers to include in a police lineup, one must consider the level of similarity between the suspect and potential fillers. In order to reduce misidentifications, an innocent suspect should not stand out. Therefore, it is important that the fillers share some degree of similarity. Importantly, increasing suspect-filler similarity…
Descriptors: Identification, Accuracy, Crime, Recognition (Psychology)
Jiali Song; Benjamin Wolfe – Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 2024
The low prevalence effect (LPE) is a cognitive limitation commonly found in visual search tasks, in which observers miss rare targets. Drivers looking for road hazards are also subject to the LPE. However, not all road hazards are equal; a paper bag floating down the road is much less dangerous than a rampaging moose. Here, we asked whether…
Descriptors: Traffic Safety, Motor Vehicles, Incidence, Identification
Janice Attard-Johnson; Olivia Dark; Ebony Murray; Sarah Bate – Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 2024
The interplay between facial age and facial identity is evident from several scenarios experienced in daily life, such as when recognising a face several decades after the last exposure. However, the link between age and identity processing, and how age perception abilities might diverge in individuals with different face processing abilities, has…
Descriptors: Physical Characteristics, Recognition (Psychology), Identification, Perceptual Impairments
Jeff Moher; Anna Delos Reyes; Trafton Drew – Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 2024
Irrelevant salient distractors can trigger early quitting in visual search, causing observers to miss targets they might otherwise find. Here, we asked whether task-relevant salient cues can produce a similar early quitting effect on the subset of trials where those cues fail to highlight the target. We presented participants with a difficult…
Descriptors: Attention, Cues, Environmental Influences, Visual Perception
Baldassari, Mario J.; Moore, Kara N.; Hyman, Ira E., Jr.; Hope, Lorraine; Mah, Eric Y.; Lindsay, D. Stephen; Mansour, Jamal; Saraiva, Renan; Horry, Ruth; Rath, Hannah; Kelly, Lauren; Jones, Rosie; Vale, Shannan; Lawson, Bethany; Pedretti, Josh; Palma, Tomás A.; Cruz, Francisco; Quarenta, Joana; Van der Cruyssen, Ine; Mileva, Mila; Allen, Jessica; Jeye, Brittany; Wiechert, Sara – Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 2023
Research on eyewitness identification often involves exposing participants to a simulated crime and later testing memory using a lineup. We conducted a systematic review showing that pre-event instructions, instructions given before event exposure, are rarely reported and those that are reported vary in the extent to which they warn participants…
Descriptors: Memory, Audiences, Attention, Observation
McKinley, Geoffrey L.; Peterson, Daniel J. – Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 2023
When selecting fillers to include in a police lineup, one must consider the level of similarity between the suspect and potential fillers. In order to reduce misidentifications, an innocent suspect should not stand out. Therefore, it is important that the fillers share some degree of similarity. Importantly, increasing suspect-filler similarity…
Descriptors: Identification, Human Body, Models, Crime
Patton, Colleen E.; Wickens, Christopher D.; Smith, C. A. P.; Noble, Kayla M.; Clegg, Benjamin A. – Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 2023
In a dynamic decision-making task simulating basic ship movements, participants attempted, through a series of actions, to elicit and identify which one of six other ships was exhibiting either of two hostile behaviors. A high-performing, although imperfect, automated attention aid was introduced. It visually highlighted the ship categorized by an…
Descriptors: Intention, Psychological Patterns, Identification, Automation
Francesca Patterson; Melina A. Kunar – Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 2024
Computer Aided Detection (CAD) has been used to help readers find cancers in mammograms. Although these automated systems have been shown to help cancer detection when accurate, the presence of CAD also leads to an over-reliance effect where miss errors and false alarms increase when the CAD system fails. Previous research investigated CAD systems…
Descriptors: Cancer, Computer Use, Identification, Screening Tests
Chan, Louis K. H.; Chan, Winnie W. L. – Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 2022
From infrared body temperature surveillance to lifeguarding, real-life visual search is usually continuous and comes with rare targets. Previous research has examined realistic search tasks involving separate slides (such as baggage screening and radiography), but search tasks that require continuous monitoring have generally received less…
Descriptors: Visual Perception, Identification, Reaction Time, Color
John T. Wixted; Laura Mickes – Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 2025
A 2016 field study conducted in collaboration with the Houston Police Department reported that simultaneous lineups were diagnostically superior to sequential lineups, that confidence was strongly predictive of accuracy, and that high-confidence suspect identifications were highly reliable. The study also estimated that most lineups (65%)…
Descriptors: Identification, Labeling (of Persons), Bias, Recognition (Psychology)
Davis, Sara D.; Peterson, Daniel J. – Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 2022
There is an increasing need in eyewitness identification research to identify factors that not only influence identification accuracy but may also impact the confidence--accuracy (CA) relationship. One such variable that has a notable impact on memory for faces is viewing distance, with faces encoded from a shorter distance remembered better than…
Descriptors: Identification, Ambiguity (Context), Accuracy, Geographic Location
Kourtidis, Ploutarchos; Nurek, Martine; Delaney, Brendan; Kostopoulou, Olga – Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 2022
Previous research has highlighted the importance of physicians' early hypotheses for their subsequent diagnostic decisions. It has also been shown that diagnostic accuracy improves when physicians are presented with a list of diagnostic suggestions to consider at the start of the clinical encounter. The psychological mechanisms underlying this…
Descriptors: Identification, Clinical Diagnosis, Thinking Skills, Physicians
Branch, Fallon; Lewis, Allison JoAnna; Santana, Isabella Noel; Hegdé, Jay – Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 2021
Camouflage-breaking is a special case of visual search where an object of interest, or target, can be hard to distinguish from the background even when in plain view. We have previously shown that naive, non-professional subjects can be trained using a deep learning paradigm to accurately perform a camouflage-breaking task in which they report…
Descriptors: Visual Perception, Accuracy, Identification, Expertise
