Rapoport and Chammah's (1965) Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) game research and Vinacke's (1959) parchisi board game research revealed that players used various strategies to reach their desired outcomes. The researchers ascribed the strategy variations to gender differences. A study was conducted which replicated Vinacke's parchisi board game and…

An anagram task administered to high and low test-anxious subjects under varied levels of external distraction showed a significant main effect of test anxiety for the "hard" anagrams which also interacted with the subjects' sex and distraction. The effects of increments of anxiety arousal produced by distraction are discussed.…

This study investigated the relationship of mild depression to global stress, specific stressors, problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, and gender. Existing theory supported expectations that non-depressed and mildly depressed persons would use different coping styles, and perceptions of stressful events and the quantity of stressful…

Use of a mediator to facilitate voluntary agreements between disputants is becoming a widely used method of conflict resolution in a variety of contexts. This study simulated a dispute to examine the influence of mediator and negotiator gender on mediator behavior. Male (N=94) and female (N=94) college students mediated a computer-simulated…

Investigated how self-perceived ineffective (SPIPS) and effective (SPEPS) problem solvers viewed their significant others' problem solving. Findings from 101 subjects and their partners revealed that SPIPS as compared with SPEPS perceived their partners' problem-solving style more negatively. SPIPS compared with SPEPS and men compared with women…

Focuses on attitudes toward mathematics and correlated outcomes in a college-level social-statistics course. Examines differences between males and females, African-American, Hispanic, and Caucasian students. Contains 27 references. (DDR)

Assessed the use of a small public college's grievance procedure for sexual harassment. Males had significantly more knowledge about the existence of the college's procedures than females, Whites more than minorities, and faculty and administrators more than clerical/maintenance/security groups. Most victims chose to use informal rather than…

Sex differences in speed of solving mental rotation problems were replicated but college men and women were alike in frequency of use of algorithms to solve problems. The most frequent algorithm involved encoding stimuli in working memory, mental rotation of one to orientation of the other, comparison, and response. (Author/RD)

Very little research has been performed which examines gender differences in confidence in highly specified situations. More generalized studies consistently suggest that women are less confident than men (i.e. Sadker and Sadker, 1994). The few studies of gender differences in item-specific conditions indicate that men tend to be more confident in…

Compared performances for male and female groups using three different group problem-solving procedures: unstructured, structured-open, and structured-forced. Results indicated that female groups performed better with the structured-forced procedure than with the structured-open procedure. Male groups performed better with the structured-open…

Twenty-four students who scored 650 or more on the Scholastic Aptitude Test Mathematics test (SAT-M) were asked to think aloud while solving 13 mathematics items in either multiple-choice or free-response format. Strategies students used to solve the items were classified as either algorithmic or insightful. Data analyses indicated that items in…

Depression has been linked to cognitive deficits and learned helplessness models in various theories. To examine depression effects on abstract problem solving ability and the relationship between intelligence and anxiety, 66 of 303 college students (23 male, 43 female), evidencing least and most depressed states as assessed by the Beck Depression…

Investigated relationship of mild depression, stress, and coping based on Lazarus's model of stress and coping. Examined two coping styles (problem and emotion focused), two measures of stress, and mild depression in college students (N=227). Found mildly depressed persons relied more on emotion-focused coping and experience more stress than did…

A study in which 92 second-year medical students wrote essays on ethical dilemmas found most students were familiar with major ethical theories and principles currently in use and able to apply them appropriately. Gender differences were found in choice of topic, ethical principles used, and level of personal orientation. (Author/MSE)

Reports results from a study of university students in Sweden that investigated aspects of communicative processes using face-to-face and computer-mediated communication. Examined influences of gender on communication equality, social relations, and communicative processes and studied differences in self-awareness. Results showed few significant…