Smartphones working like a computer are much more than just classic mobile or cell phones used to communicate as they offer all the possibilities of computer and internet technology in our palms. By means of features they have and new applications developed every day, smartphones are used for a wide variety of purposes including but not limited to…

This study aimed to employ machine learning techniques to uncover the pivotal determinants influencing the reading proficiency of fourth-grade students across 65 regions, as participants in the PIRLS 2021 assessment. The primary objective was to discern and assess key factors at the student, family and school levels that predict high and low…