Organizational patterns can be examined from two major perspectives. The formal structure of an organization consists of those relationships among the organizational components that are the result of deliberate planning. This formal structure tends to be static and is the primary focus of management theory. The informal structure of an…

Explores the uses of informal groups in cross-cultural counseling including the use of indigenous support systems and informal groups. Concludes that counselors will gain enhanced sensitivity in the process of observing and interacting with clients from a different culture. (Author/MCF)

Chester Barnard (1886-1961) was an executive and an early organizational theorist. His theory of organizational behavior and executive functions, set forth primarily in "The Functions of the Executive" (1938), comprises both structural concepts, related to how an organization is structured, and dynamic concepts, related to individuals'…

Examines the variety of informal groups of adolescents that exist throughout Russia today. Categorizes these groups according to their beliefs and behavior. Maintains that the situation of Russian young people today is a disaster zone. (CFR)

The term "peer" is often used to mean both tutor and tutee, but writing center directors should avoid romanticizing the notion of peer tutoring and recognize that peer tutors are considerably more advanced, and therefore more "powerful", than their tutees. In fact, the question of difference between tutors and tutees is a vital…

For knowledge of organizational communication to increase, new concepts must be developed and correlative or even causal relationships between communication concepts and other organizational variables must be established. Here, meanings of "organization,""information,""communication," and "other organizational variables" are explicated, and three…

This occupational skills instructional module on authority and responsibility is one of twelve making up a curriculum guide on the human aspects of working in organizations. The modules are designed for utilization at various educational levels ranging from high school to adult and continuing education, in either academic or vocational programs.…