Distinguishing between sources of variability in mathematics performance may contribute to a more comprehensive theory of mathematics skills. Research has examined student differences based upon scores on achievement tests, which provide overall proficiency, but may not provide the detailed information for identifying and remediating difficulties.…

Although learning mathematics certainly depends upon accurate understanding of the facts of multiplication, it requires much more. This study examines the relationship between a meaningful understanding of arithmetic operations and the mastery of basic facts. The study began with a joke about a mistaken mathematical fact. The children appreciated…

Examined were the mental processes by which elementary school students work simple multiplication exercises. Ten process models were fit to data obtained in the course of a CAI program in elementary arithmetic. The processes used by students in grade three were compared with those used by students in grade six. (CT)