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Direct linkPaul, Ravi C.; Swart, William; Zhang, Aixiu Monica; MacLeod, Kenneth R. – Distance Education, 2015
Transactional distance has been defined as barriers to students' engagement with learning in the online environment. This research updates Zhang's (2003) scale of transactional distance, which quantified the extent of the barriers, in light of the massive changes in today's web-based learning environment. The resulting revised scale of…
Descriptors: Distance Education, Structural Equation Models, Online Courses, Barriers
Wang, Chih-Hsuan; Shannon, David M.; Ross, Margaret E. – Distance Education, 2013
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among students' characteristics, self-regulated learning, technology self-efficacy, and course outcomes in online learning settings. Two hundred and fifty-six students participated in this study. All participants completed an online survey that included demographic information, the modified…
Descriptors: Student Characteristics, Self Management, Self Efficacy, Outcomes of Education
