This study was conducted to examine the timing of adolescent transitions. Its first aim was to investigate the hypothesis that cumulated family adversities during childhood would predict earlier transitions in domains such as behavioral autonomy and friendship formation during adolescence. Subjects (N=1,631) were adolescents between the ages of 13…

Responses to a survey of 992 unionized postal workers in Canada revealed the effects of working conditions, nonwork roles, and personal characteristics on self-reports of depression, irritability, and psychophysiological symptoms. Males and females respond similarly to stressful jobs, although they report slightly higher levels of distress.…

Used two spatial and language tasks to investigate that clockwise directionality in circle drawing indicates neutral integration difficulties. Tasks were administered to 106 children, eight years of age. Data were analyzed for sex differences and circling behavior. None of the hypotheses based on Blau's theory was supported. (Author)

Investigated influences on environmental attitudes of factors within the control of the educational system (offering environmental education or not) and of those less amenable to control (students' age, sex, academic orientation, year in school). Results obtained from college students (N=136) indicate that these attitudes are importantly related…

The preferred coding processes of 11-year-old children were investigated, as well as the effect of these preferences on recall of verbal material which varied by complexity of imagery, metaphor, and acoustic and semantic features. The hypothesized relationship between coding and personality was studied (f=fiche number). (MH)

In 2 studies, subjects between 7 and 16 years of age indicated predictions for the water level in a tilted container or the position of a plumb line. Found that sex differences were evident at all ages; task performance improved with age according to a discrete stage process; and task performance was determined by field effects and rule strategy.…

Aims to delimit the possible individual differences in feelings of difficulty experienced in relation to mathematics. Shows that feelings of difficulty form their own system, mainly influenced by performance and cognitive ability; also, gender interacts with personal and task characteristics. Discusses educational implications of these results.…

The incidence and causes of cheating were studied through a questionnaire completed by 943 English college students. Reported cheating was widespread, more common among men and less able students, and more common in science and technology students. Student motivation appears to be a major factor in explaining the differences. (SLD)

While only minor differences in behavioral organization and efficiency were found between males and females, girls with lower neurological status showed more signs of lack of motor inhibition. No effect was found for time-pressure for groups with a different neurological status. (MP)

Examines 410 high school athletes' attitudes toward female coaches, finding that males were more likely than females to believe coaching style was dependent on the coach's gender and that coaching opportunities were more restricted for females. Both male and female athletes had stronger preferences for male coaches than for female coaches. (MDM)

The generality of academic self-efficacy judgments was compared between groups of students with different personal characteristics, using the sample drawn from a previous study (M. Bong, 1997) (n=383). Confirmatory factor analyses showed that boys demonstrated more comparable strengths of self-efficacy across the academic domains compared to…

Administered two questionnaires to 800 Israeli subjects which examine the affiliation need in four groups of situations. No differences were found between first and later-borns in their tendency to associate with others. Results showed significant interaction between sex and specific situational factors. (Author/RC)

This study examined demographic and individual difference variables that predicted level of Brazilian adolescents' prosocial moral judgment and self-reported prosocial behavior; it also tested mediating or moderating relations among predictors. Findings generally were consistent with contention that tendency to take others' perspectives and to…

Triadic interactions between mother, preschool-age first-born, and 14-month-old second-born siblings were studied in 40 families as part of a longitudinal study using home observations. Interaction between mother and second-born exerted an important influence on the behavior of the first-born. (Author/RH)