The purpose of this study was to compare the foundation allocation and three special allocations for special-needs students, ESL students, and students with low socioeconomic status in Ontario, Alberta, and British Columbia to see what these special allocations look like as vertical equity measures. Because stronger measures are needed if…

Rural equality of opportunity is a single, composite topic, which encompasses three types of rural residents and eight rural specific concepts of equality of opportunity. The three types of rural residents are: indigenous minorities; country town or remote rural residents and rural itinerants; and neo-ruralists or urban expatriates. The first two…