This paper examines the development and administration of Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) for Schools--a new testing instrument of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development--to demonstrate the relevance of heterarchical processes to educational governance. Drawing suggestively across new "relational"…

This study followed the comparative research mode of description, interpretation, juxtaposition and comparison. Based on the literatures and data collected on the topic, the paper compared and analyzed the past, present and future of APTHS (academic proficiency test for high schools) in the two countries. Some contemplations on the common issues…

Guidelines and suggestions for administering programs of English as a second language or dialect (ESL/D) address a variety of issues. The first section outlines the rationale and philosophy behind the materials, including definitions of an ESL student and program, definitions of a second dialect student and program, and philosophy, goals, and…