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Early-Life Temperament: A Longitudinal Investigation of Stability and Structure
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Jonathan Arthur Schmidt; Gisa Aschersleben; Anne Henning – International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2025
In this longitudinal study, we investigated the factor structure and stability of early-life temperament in a German sample, using three measures developed within Rothbart's psychobiological approach. Temperament was measured using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire Revised (IBQ-R) at the ages of 6 and 12 months, the Early Childhood Behavior…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Personality, Personality Measures, Infants
The Ways School Headteachers/Principals in England at Different Stages of Adult Ego Development Work with Organisational Complexity
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Neil Gilbride; Chris James; Sam Carr – Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 2025
In this article, we analyse the ways school headteachers/principals (HT/Ps) at different stages of adult ego development (AED) make sense of and respond to the organisational complexity of their schools. The AED stage of 20 HT/Ps in England was assessed using the Washington University Sentence Completion Test. HT/Ps in the self-aware,…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Principals, Individual Development, Self Concept