The first generations of researchers on classroom instruction were the pioneers who developed the term, categories, and concepts that were used to view and code what was happening during classroom lessons. The five pioneers in this first wave were Ned Flanders, Arno Bellack, B.O. Smith, Don Medley, and Harold Mitzel. Each of these pioneers used…

In 1965, a 3-year developmental program was begun to determine the desirability of modular scheduling for comprehensive and vocational schools and to investigate the impact of such scheduling on 18 secondary schools. During this time more than 15,000,000 data were provided by the schools. The Stanford School Scheduling System, a computer program…