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Direct linkReichardt, Charles S. – American Journal of Evaluation, 2022
Evaluators are often called upon to assess the effects of programs. To assess a program effect, evaluators need a clear understanding of how a program effect is defined. Arguably, the most widely used definition of a program effect is the counterfactual one. According to the counterfactual definition, a program effect is the difference between…
Descriptors: Program Evaluation, Definitions, Causal Models, Evaluation Methods
Halpern, Joseph Y.; Hitchcock, Christopher – Cognitive Science, 2013
Judea Pearl (2000) was the first to propose a definition of actual causation using causal models. A number of authors have suggested that an adequate account of actual causation must appeal not only to causal structure but also to considerations of "normality." In Halpern and Hitchcock (2011), we offer a definition of actual causation…
Descriptors: Causal Models, Cognitive Science, Definitions, Correlation
