The growing demand for Indigenous language education in the United States often relies on community teachers with widely varying proficiencies as part of local language reclamation efforts. While these English-dominant 'teacher-learners' play a central role in the success of classroom-based K-12 language programs, their classroom experiences and…

This study of primary school children's play interaction in an English-Swedish school setting combines a sequential approach to code switching with an analysis of footing, extending prior work in showing that code switches often involve a subtle shift of footing. Code switches were employed as important rhetorical and dramaturgic play devices.…

Describes one child's varied use of two languages, English and German, as she interacts with her adult caregivers during play. Two broad questions were used to guide the study: (1) What kinds of activity are the child and her adult interlocutors involved in? How does the child use her two languages to constitute her involvement in play?…

Examined whether there is an earlier developmental stage than 2 years of age when bilingual children do not use their languages in pragmatically differentiated ways. Analyses of recordings of four French-English bilingual children in Canada during free play sessions with their mothers and fathers suggest a stage very early in development when…