The literature suggests collaborative planning is purely egalitarian, but this article identifies a form called "dialectical collaboration" providing situationally determined variations in the locus of control. One district's experience planning an administrators' inservice program illustrates dialectical collaboration. The authors urge…

Teachers from 34 states and Canada responded to a request to describe teaching practices that give students minor or major decision making responsibilities. Different structures used by teachers to provide students opportunities to practice decision making across the school years from first grade to high school are described in this report.…

Numerous studies indicate that an individual's perception of internal or external control over life events ("perceived locus of control") is a personality variable that influences the perception of a situation as threatening or stress-inducing. Whether for reasons of personality or because of "situational powerlessness," the…