This analysis of testing as a social institution covers contemporary testing, from tests of integrity, truthfulness, and drug tests (authenticity tests) through tests of achievement, intelligence, and vocational interest (qualifying tests). It is argued that tests both construct social persons and control and dominate them. (SLD)

Reforms in American schools should concentrate on the development of higher-order skills and on assessments that support them. Reform should move beyond conventional tests that are of little use to students. Applications of cognitive psychology in the real world, including cognitive apprenticeships and interactive learning environments, are…