There are fundamental questions that teachers should ask themselves and their students as they prepare lessons on calculating area. Area measurement is commonly used in everyday life (perhaps to carpet a room or organize a space) and plays a foundational role in mathematics from multiplication all way up to calculus. Despite the usefulness of area…

One crucial issue in mathematics development is how children come to spontaneously apply arithmetical principles (e.g. commutativity). According to expertise research, well-integrated conceptual and procedural knowledge is required. Here, we report a method composed of two independent tasks that assessed in an unobtrusive manner the spontaneous…

One of the main tasks in teaching mathematics to elementary students is to form calculating methods and techniques. The efforts of teachers and methodologists are aimed at solving this problem. Educational and psychological research is devoted to it. At the same time school teaching experience demonstrates some difficulties in learning methods of…